Low and no oxygen area threatens crabs, oysters, fish
Scientists expect this year’s summer Chesapeake Bay hypoxic or “dead zone” – an area of low to no oxygen that can kill fish and aquatic life – will be larger than average, approximately 1.89 cubic miles, or nearly the volume of 3.2 million Olympic-size swimming pools.
A variety of economic sectors, ranging from commercial and recreational fishing to tourism, rely on a healthy Chesapeake Bay. (Image credit: NOAA)
Measurements for the Bay’s dead zone go back to 1950, and the 30-year mean maximum dead zone volume is 1.74 cubic miles.
“Despite this year’s forecast, we’ve made great strides in reducing nutrient pollution from various sources entering the Chesapeake Bay, and we are starting to see positive long-term signs,” said Rob Magnien, director of NOAA’s Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research. “However, more work needs to be done to address nonpoint nutrient pollution from farms and other developed lands, to make the Bay cleaner for its communities and economic interests.”
The anoxic portion of the zone, which contains no oxygen at all, is predicted to be 0.35 cubic miles in early summer, growing to 0.49 cubic miles by late summer – both of which are at or slightly above average. Above average nutrient loading from the Susquehanna River this spring accounts for the overall slightly larger-than-average predicted size of the anoxic portion.
The Bay’s hypoxic (low-oxygen) and anoxic (oxygen-free) zones are caused by excess nutrient pollution, primarily from human activities such as agriculture and wastewater. The excess nutrients stimulate an overgrowth of algae, which then sinks and decomposes in the water. The resulting low oxygen levels are insufficient to support most marine life and habitats in near-bottom waters, threatening the Bay’s crabs, oysters and other fisheries.
Spring rainfall plays an important role in determining the size of the hypoxic zone. In 2017, the Susquehanna River delivered 81.4 million pounds of nitrogen into the bay slightly greater than the long term average. Rainfall amounts were greatest in New York and Pennsylvania, leading to higher than average streamflow into the Bay from the Susquehanna.
The Bay outlook is based on models developed by NOAA-sponsored researchers at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science offsite link and the University of Michigan offsite link. They rely on nutrient loading estimates from the U.S. Geological Survey. Throughout the year, researchers measure oxygen and nutrient levels as part of the Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program, run by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. This year’s findings will be released in the fall.
“The USGS supports this forecast by calculating nutrient loads based on its streamflow gauges and water-quality sampling sites,” said Don Cline, associate director for the USGS Water Mission Area. “The USGS and Maryland have maintained a monitoring partnership for over thirty years in order to track conditions in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. These data are all publicly accessible at waterdata.usgs.gov."
"NOAA also tracks surface dissolved oxygen levels through its Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System; near-real-time data from 10 locations around the Bay is available at www.buoybay.noaa.gov."
MEDIA CONTACTS:
Keeley Belva, keeley.belva@noaa.gov, 301-713-3066, 1-301-643-6463 (cell)
Mia Drane-Maury, mdrane-maury@usgs.gov, 703-648-4408
